Words in connected speech often get pronounced very differently than they would on their own. This can be very troublesome for English learners. Consider the difference in pronunciation of the following simple sentence between its written form with emphasis on every word and the same sentence in the form how it would be commonly spoken:
What do you have got there? –> [vot dů jů hef gat thér]
What you have got there? –>
What you got there? –>
Whatcha got there? [uotča gat thér]
The sound changes can be roughly categorized as following:
Catenation (Linking) - a word starting with a vowel joins to the previous word
She’s out again [ší zautegen]
In an afternoon [i nen afternůn]
Here is [hi ris]
an apple [e neple]
each other [í čadr]
Intrusion (r) (j) (w) - an extra sound (that is not present as a letter in the text) links a word starting with a vowel to the previous word
Intrusion (r)
Law and order [ló ren ódr]
here and there [hi ren thér]
Intrusion (j)
I am [ajem]
They are [thejár]
I agree [ajegrí]
the idea [thíajdíja]
Intrusion (w)
You are [juár]
go off [gouof]
grow up [grouap]
blow away [blouevej]
Assimilation (a sound changes) - sounds next to one another in connected speech may influence and change each other, typically the sound at the end of a word changes because of the first sound in the following word
In bed [imbed]
Did you…? [didžju]
this shop [thišop]
good boy [gubój]
bad girl [bégrl]
last year [lásčír]
have to go [heftgou]
do you want [djuvont]
Elision (a sound disappears) - some sounds dissapear in order to ease pronunciation, it is easier to pronounce them in the reduced form than it would be in their full form (contraction is the special case of elision because it is represented by the spelling - “I’ve done it”)
Next week [neksvík]
I don’t know [idonnou]
got to [gata]
chestnut [česnat]
strictly [strikly]
past perfect [pásperfekt]
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